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| + | {{Template:Infobox Shorts |
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| − | [[File:220px-Clean_Pastures_title_card.png|thumb]] |
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| + | |name = Clean Pastures |
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| + | |image = Cp.gif |
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| + | |Director = [[Friz Freleng|I. Freleng]] |
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| + | |producer = [[Leon Schlesinger]] |
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| + | |airdate = May 22, 1937 |
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| + | |Voice = [[Mel Blanc]]<br>[[Danny Webb]]<br>[[The Four Blackbirds]]<br>[[The Sportsmen Quartet]]<br>[[The Basin Street Boys]] |
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| + | |Starring = Fats Waller<br>Cab Calloway<br>Louis Armstrong<br>St. Peter<br>Stepin Fetchit<br>The Heaven All-Stars<br>Satan<br>Bill "Bojangles" Robinson<br>Al Jolson<br>The Mills Brothers |
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| + | |previous = [[Porky and Gabby]] |
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| + | |next = [[Uncle Tom's Bungalow]] |
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| + | |Writer = [[Sid Marcus]] (uncredited) |
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| + | |Animators = [[Paul J. Smith|Paul Smith]]<br>[[Phil Monroe]] |
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| + | |video = [[File:Clean Pastures (1937)|center|281px]] |
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| + | |Layout-artist = |
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| + | |Background-artist = |
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| + | |Sound effects = [[Treg Brown]] |
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| + | |Musician = [[Carl W. Stalling]]}} |
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| + | [[File:Cleanpasturesposter.png|thumb|300px|right|Lobby Card]] |
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| + | '''Clean Pastures''' is a [[1937]] ''[[Merrie Melodies]]'' directed by [[Friz Freleng]]. |
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| − | '''''Clean Pastures''''' is a ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies <u>Merrie Melodies</u>]'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation <u>animated</u>] cartoon directed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friz_Freleng <u>I. Freleng</u>], produced by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Schlesinger <u>Leon Schlesinger</u>], and released to theatres on May 22, 1937 by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. <u>Warner Bros.</u>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone <u>Vitaphone</u>]. The cartoon is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody <u>parody</u>] of Warner Bros.' 1936 film, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Pastures <u>The Green Pastures</u>]''. It tells of an ersatz [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven <u>Heaven</u>] called "Pair-O-Dice" and its angels' efforts to win souls from "Hades Inc." A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepin_Fetchit <u>Stepin Fetchit</u>] caricature fails to recruit any souls in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem <u>Harlem</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City <u>New York City</u>]. However, jazz-singing angels incorporate "rhythm" into the pitch, and Harlem's African Americans follow them as they dance their way to Heaven. |
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| + | ==Plot== |
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| ⚫ | Schlesinger and Warner Bros. had problems with |
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| + | The Lord sees that the stock value of "Pair-o-dice" is dropping on the exchange so he dispatches a slow-witted and slow-talking angel to sinful Harlem to recruit new customers. When this fails, God finds success sending a group of musical angels with a little more swing in their style, so much so that even the Devil wants to join up! |
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| + | == Home Video == |
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| − | Modern critics have been no kinder to the film and cite its portrayal of black characters as offensive and reliant on negative stereotypes. Musicologist Daniel Goldmark interprets the film as a send-up of black religion and culture and the increasing identification of 1930s white audiences of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz <u>jazz</u>] music with black culture. Religion scholar Judith Weisenfeld sees ''Clean Pastures'' as a metaphor for the replacement of rural, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show <u>minstrel show</u>] stereotypes of blacks for modern, urban ones. |
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| + | None, but bootleg VHS and DVD sets have this cartoon, obviously unrestored and in low pitch, as no such restored print has ever been released on home video. |
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| − | {| class="toc" id="toc" |
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| − | | |
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| − | ==Contents== |
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| − | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures# hide]]*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#Plot 1 Plot] |
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| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#Production_and_distribution 2 Production and distribution] |
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| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#Reaction 3 Reaction] |
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| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#Notes 4 Notes] |
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| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#References 5 References] |
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| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#External_links 6 External links] |
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| − | |} |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=1 edit]] Plot== |
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| − | ''Clean Pastures'' opens in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem <u>Harlem</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City <u>New York City</u>], where African American caricatures gamble, drink, and dance in a sea of bars, clubs, and dancing girls. In Heaven, known as "Pair-O-Dice", a black [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter <u>Saint Peter</u>] reads the headline, "Pair-O-Dice Preferred Hits New Low As Hades Inc. Soars". The angel rings an angelic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepin_Fetchit <u>Stepin Fetchit</u>] with enormous lips<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_94-0 <u>[1]</u>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_79-1 <u>[2]</u>]</sup>—probably a reference to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Polk <u>Oscar Polk</u>]'s performance as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel <u>Gabriel</u>] in ''The Green Pastures''—<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_80-2 <u>[3]</u>]</sup> and orders him to rectify the situation. Gabriel descends to Harlem and stands by a sign (modeled after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg <u>James Montgomery Flagg</u>]'s World War I [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam <u>Uncle Sam</u>] poster)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_79-1 <u>[2]</u>]</sup> that reads, "Pair O Dice Needs You! Opportunity, Travel, Good Food, Water Melon, Clean Living, Music, Talkies". Nevertheless, the denizens of Harlem continue with their iniquity. |
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| − | Angels, caricatures of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz <u>jazz</u>] performers [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong <u>Louis Armstrong</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Calloway <u>Cab Calloway</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Waller <u>Fats Waller</u>], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lunceford <u>Jimmie Lunceford</u>], tell Saint Peter that to get people to paradise he will need "rhythm"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_94-0 <u>[1]</u>]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-3 <u>[4]</u>]</sup> (the short's credits list no voice actors, but a member of the all-black jazz group the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Blackbirds&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>Four Blackbirds</u>] —possibly Leroy Hurt—provides the cartoon's celebrity impressions).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_186_note_44_4-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_186_note_44-4 <u>[5]</u>]</sup> The musicians go to Harlem and break into a performance of "[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_for_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>Swing for Sale</u>]", and the Harlemites flock to listen. The film's climax takes on the characteristics of "a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_meeting <u>revivalist camp meeting</u>]" as the band makes its way to Pair-O-Dice, and people follow them in droves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-5 <u>[6]</u>]</sup> The newcomers receive their halos, and in the cartoon's final gag, the Devil himself asks to be admitted. |
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| + | ==Notes== |
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| − | ''Clean Pastures'' is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film <u>musical film</u>], which means that it shifts between musical and non-musical sections, both of which are integral to the story.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-6 <u>[7]</u>]</sup> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Stalling <u>Carl Stalling</u>]'s musical score makes use of both public-domain music and songs owned by Warner Bros. Stalling's music "supplies both the foundation for the story and the driving force behind the animation." Music is of such importance that characters in ''Clean Pastures'' dance about even when no performers are pictured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_97-7 <u>[8]</u>]</sup> The all-black jazz group the Four Blackbirds performs the backing vocals for these songs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_186_note_44_4-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_186_note_44-4 <u>[5]</u>]</sup> |
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| + | *The cartoon is a parody of Warner Bros.' 1936 film, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Pastures The Green Pastures]''. |
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| ⚫ | *Schlesinger and Warner Bros. had problems with the cartoon from the start. Hollywood censors alleged that the film ran afoul of the Hays Production Code because it burlesqued religion. Later commentators surmise that the censors also objected to the portrayal of a Heaven run by African Americans. As such, the short's stereotypical portrayal of black characters prompted [[United Artists]] to withhold it from United States television in 1968, adding it to a collection known as the infamous [[Censored Eleven]]. |
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| + | *Modern critics have been no kinder to the short and cite its portrayal of black characters as offensive and reliant on negative stereotypes. |
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| + | :*Musicologist Daniel Goldmark interprets the film as a send-up of black religion and culture and the increasing identification of 1930s white audiences of jazz music with black culture.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} |
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| + | :*Religion scholar Judith Weisenfeld sees "Clean Pastures" as a metaphor for the replacement of rural, minstrel show stereotypes of blacks for modern, urban ones.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} |
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| + | *This cartoon and "[[Uncle Tom's Bungalow]]" were released before and after each other, respectively. |
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| + | *Scenes from this short were reused for the Frank Tashlin cartoon "[[Have You Got Any Castles?]]" Despite airing the reissue version with all of Alex Woolcott's appearances removed, Cartoon Network and Boomerang have aired this with the "Swing for Sale" part uncut, making this the closest that a Censored Eleven cartoon has ever aired on an American TV channel. |
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| + | *Waller's line, "That's all, that's all," would be reused in "[[September in the Rain]]" and later in "[[Tin Pan Alley Cats]]". |
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| + | ==Caricatures== |
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| − | A choir of a capella, black male voices opens the cartoon with "Save Me, Sister, from Temptation", a song from the 1936 Warner Bros. film ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Singing_Kid&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>The Singing Kid</u>]'' featuring [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson <u>Al Jolson</u>]. Thus, Stalling establishes one of the cartoon's themes, that sinners may be redeemed, from the opening credits. As the scene shifts to Harlem, the jazz standards "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_(song) <u>Nagasaki</u>]" and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Georgia_Brown <u>Sweet Georgia Brown</u>]" accompany the bevy of African American vices. Caricatures of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Robinson <u>Bill "Bojangles" Robinson</u>] and Al Jolson perform snippets of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface <u>blackface</u>] tunes "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Folks_at_Home <u>Old Folks at Home</u>]" and "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_to_Singa <u>I Love to Singa</u>]". However, the short's major number is "[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_for_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>Swing for Sale</u>]", performed by caricatures of popular black jazz performers. The short ends with a jazzed-up version of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bland <u>James A. Bland</u>]'s minstrel spiritual "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Dem_Golden_Slippers <u>Oh! Dem Golden Slippers</u>]".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_94-0 <u>[1]</u>]</sup> |
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| + | * Oscar Polk |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=2 edit]] Production and distribution== |
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| + | * Louis Armstrong |
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| − | Many Hollywood cartoons from the 1930s are based on feature films.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-8 <u>[9]</u>]</sup> Therefore, it was only natural for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Schlesinger <u>Leon Schlesinger</u>]'s cartoon studio to parody the 1936 Warner Bros. musical film ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Pastures <u>The Green Pastures</u>]'', itself an adaptation of a play by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Connelly <u>Marc Connelly</u>]. ''The Green Pastures'' features an all-black cast and proved a success for Warner Bros., despite generating controversy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-9 <u>[10]</u>]</sup> Animator [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friz_Freleng <u>Friz Freleng</u>] had directed the short ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Go_to_Meetin%27_Time <u>Sunday Go to Meetin' Time</u>]'' in 1936. The cartoon lampoons African American religious beliefs to the backdrop of jazz music<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_266-10 <u>[11]</u>]</sup> and tells the story of a rural black man who shirks church on Sunday in favor of worldly pastimes and finds himself in Hell as a result.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-11 <u>[12]</u>]</sup> ''Clean Pastures'' was thus keeping with his past work. Freleng even reuses animation of a jitterbugging couple from the ''Sunday Go to Meetin' Time'' in ''Clean Pastures''. The short's use of caricatures of famous performers was in the same vein as such Freleng films as ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_Your_Service,_Madam&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>At Your Service, Madam</u>]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coo-Coo_Nut_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1 <u>Coo-Coo Nut Grove</u>]''.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-12 <u>[13]</u>]</sup> |
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| + | * Cab Calloway |
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| + | * Fats Waller |
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| + | * Stepin Fetchit |
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| + | * Jimmie Lunceford |
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| + | ==External links== |
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| − | Warner Bros. had trouble distributing the film. In an interview for ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine) <u>Look</u>]'' magazine, producer Leon Schlesinger complained that ''Clean Pastures'' gave him more trouble with Hollywood censors than any live-action film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Cohen_29-13 <u>[14]</u>]</sup> Censor Joseph I. Breen alleged that the cartoon violated the Hays [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_Code <u>Production Code</u>], a set of rules for the content of American films, because it burlesqued religion. In a letter to Schlesinger, Breen complained about the scenes set in a parodic Heaven known as "Pair-O-Dice" and said, "I am certain that such scenes would give serious offense to many people in all parts of the world."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-14 <u>[15]</u>]</sup> Authorities also requested that Schlesinger remove the halo from one of the black characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Cohen_29-13 <u>[14]</u>]</sup> The letter does not specify to what exactly Breen objected, but musicologist Daniel Goldmark speculates that it was the idea of Heaven being run by blacks and the cartoon's implication that Heaven holds a place for "gamblers, dancers, drinkers, and, above all else, jazz fans", making it "even more threatening to white viewers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_97-7 <u>[8]</u>]</sup> Schlesinger managed to quell the censors by making alterations, such as cutting the phrase "De Lawd".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Cohen_29-13 <u>[14]</u>]</sup> The short debuted in theatres on May 22, 1937. ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley_Cats <u>Tin Pan Alley Cats</u>]'', a 1943 cartoon directed by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Clampett <u>Bob Clampett</u>], was inspired in part by ''Clean Pastures'' and has a similar theme of redemption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_97-7 <u>[8]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | In 1958, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists <u>United Artists</u>] (UA) bought the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Artists_Productions <u>Associated Artists Productions</u>] (a.a.p.) library of cartoons and, 10 years later, removed ''Clean Pastures'' and ten other Warner Bros. cartoons from circulation on television or in theaters due to their racist portrayal of black characters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-15 <u>[16]</u>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources <u>unreliable source?</u>]'']</sup> UA and later [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner <u>Ted Turner</u>] and Warner Bros. (after re-acquiring the rights)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-16 <u>[17]</u>]</sup> have upheld this ban and kept ''Clean Pastures'' from being distributed on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video <u>home video</u>], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_disc <u>laser disc</u>], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD <u>DVD</u>].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_266-10 <u>[11]</u>]</sup> Both ''Sunday Go to Meetin' Time'' and ''Tin Pan Alley Cats'' are also on this list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-17 <u>[18]</u>]</sup> ''The Green Pastures'', on the other hand, is still in distribution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_266-10 <u>[11]</u>]</sup> |
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| + | [[Category:Merrie Melodies Shorts]] |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=3 edit]] Reaction== |
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| − | Black critics in the 1930s wrote about the play and film ''The Green Pastures'', but they were silent on its animated parody. Weisenfeld speculates that this is because animated cartoons were not seen as significant at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_80-2 <u>[3]</u>]</sup> Modern critics of ''Clean Pastures'' fault the film for its stereotypical depictions of black culture. Cultural studies scholar William Anthony Nericcio sees the film as representative of a pattern in the works of Friz Freleng, who also produced such stereotype-ridden films as ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Jitters <u>Jungle Jitters</u>]'', ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldilocks_and_the_Jivin%27_Bears <u>Goldilocks and the Jivin' Bears</u>]'', and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedy_Gonzales <u>Speedy Gonzales</u>] cartoons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-18 <u>[19]</u>]</sup> Lindvall and Fraser are more forgiving and call the cartoon "playful", "light", and "mischievous".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129_19-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129-19 <u>[20]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | Daniel Goldmark alleges that the film is a burlesque of black religion and culture in its portrayal of Pair-O-Dice as "heavenly Harlem shops and singing choirs".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_96-20 <u>[21]</u>]</sup> In his interpretation, the film's use of rhythm is a metaphor for faith. This demonstrates white Americans' placement of jazz alongside religion and "the unfettered expressions of emotion associated with it" as aspects of African American culture. The cartoon implies that jazz cannot be replaced in the black psyche, as the musicians in the film must appropriate jazz, not compete with it, to draw Harlemites to Pair-O-Dice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-21 <u>[22]</u>]</sup> The mortal characters are given no information about why Pair-O-Dice is better than Harlem, but the upbeat music is enough to lure them there. Even the Devil himself takes the bait.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_96-20 <u>[21]</u>]</sup> In the end, the film reaffirms the vision of Paradise from ''The Green Pastures'', with its "perpetual Negro holiday [and] everlasting weekend fish fry."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-22 <u>[23]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | On the other hand, Judith Weisenfeld sees ''Clean Pastures'' as an explicit rejection of Connelly's fish fry. Instead, she argues that the short is a metaphor for the replacement of one generation of African American performers and stereotypes for a new one as the result of African Americans moving to urban areas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_80-2 <u>[3]</u>]</sup> In contrast to ''The Green Pastures'' and its portrayal of rural black culture, the cartoon is set in a solidly urban framework. ''Clean Pastures'' replaces stereotypes of black watermelon eaters and chicken stealers with black dancers, drinkers, and gamblers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_79-1 <u>[2]</u>]</sup> Old-style black stereotypes are represented by the Stephin Fetchit angel and his recruitment sign, which promises delights that only appeal to rural black stereotypes. Yet even Bill "Bojangles" Robinson and Al Jolson, who built their careers on blackface depictions of rural blacks, reject Fetchit's plea for souls and opt for the Kotton Klub nightclub.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-23 <u>[24]</u>]</sup> The angelic jazz performers represent new, urban black culture. Through their rendition of "Swing for Sale", the souls of the Harlemites are saved, and the cartoon makes the point that the African American culture of the period was increasingly urban culture, and by extension, that the black Heaven is an urban, Northern place.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_80-2 <u>[3]</u>]</sup> Lindvall and Fraser take a similar view, seeing the cartoon as part of the Warner directors' transition from stereotyping blacks as "rural bumpkins" to featuring them as "urban hepcat[s]".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129_19-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129-19 <u>[20]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clean_Pastures_black_caricatures.png <u></u>][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clean_Pastures_black_caricatures.png <u></u>]Jazz-performing angels use rhythm to lead the souls of Harlemites to heaven. Freleng's choice to caricature [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Calloway Cab Calloway], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Waller Fats Waller], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong Louis Armstrong] shows the crossover appeal of those performers among white audiences in the 1930s.Goldmark and Weisenfeld agree that the film's portrayal of black culture is a negative one. Goldmark criticizes the film's implication that certain kinds of black music or black performers are better than others. He interprets the short's jazzy finale, which juxtaposes contemporary popular jazz with a traditional African American [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music) <u>spiritual</u>], as representative of this theme: |
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| − | Furthermore, placing the creators of "good" hot jazz in heaven suggests that certain types of black music are better than others: "hot" music made in such places as Harlem would lead to debauchery and eventually to Hades, Inc. Only through the noble efforts of famous black musicians could souls be turned to a better direction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_96-20 <u>[21]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | Contemporary black commentators argued that to white audiences, Connelly's ''The Green Pastures'' simply reinforced the notion that black people presented a danger that needed to be contained. Weisenfeld argues that this is also the case with Freleng's parody. To white viewers in the 1930s, the film's implication that blacks care for nothing but gambling, drinking, and dancing only reinforces notions of the dangers posed by urban blacks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_80-2 <u>[3]</u>]</sup> According to Goldmark, the choice of performers caricatured is telling; that Armstrong and Calloway are depicted as angels indicates that their crossover appeal was strong enough among whites that white audiences would not have felt threatened by the notion that they were angels in Heaven.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Goldmark_96-20 <u>[21]</u>]</sup> Weisenfeld notes that by focusing the narrative on Saint Peter and his Stepin Fetchit underling, the animators ducked the potential offense white audiences might have felt upon seeing a black God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_note-Weisenfeld_79-1 <u>[2]</u>]</sup> |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=4 edit]] Notes== |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_94_0-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] Goldmark 94. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_79_1-3 <sup>'''''<u>d</u>'''''</sup>] Weisenfeld 79. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-3 <sup>'''''<u>d</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_80_2-4 <sup>'''''<u>e</u>'''''</sup>] Weisenfeld 80. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-3 <u>^</u>]''' Goldmark 186, note 41. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_186_note_44_4-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_186_note_44_4-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] Goldmark 186, note 44. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-5 <u>^</u>]''' Goldmark 95–6. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-6 <u>^</u>]''' Goldmark 93. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_97_7-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] Goldmark 97. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-8 <u>^</u>]''' Weisenfeld 266, note 92. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-9 <u>^</u>]''' Goldmark 93–4. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Weisenfeld_266_10-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] Weisenfeld 266, note 95. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-11 <u>^</u>]''' Lindvall and Frasier 128. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-12 <u>^</u>]''' Maltin 238. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Cohen_29_13-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] Quoted in Cohen 29. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-14 <u>^</u>]''' Breen, Joseph I. Letter to Leon Schlesinger. Quoted in Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Quoted in Goldmark 97. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-15 <u>^</u>]''' [http://looney.goldenagecartoons.com/ltcuts/censored11 <u>Censored Looney Tunes: "The Censored 11"</u>] |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-16 <u>^</u>]''' Landler. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-17 <u>^</u>]''' The Straight Dope. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-18 <u>^</u>]''' Nericcio 136. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129_19-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Lindvall_and_Fraser_129_19-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] Lindvall and Fraser 129. |
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| − | #^ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-0 <sup>'''''<u>a</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-1 <sup>'''''<u>b</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-2 <sup>'''''<u>c</u>'''''</sup>] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-Goldmark_96_20-3 <sup>'''''<u>d</u>'''''</sup>] Goldmark 96. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-21 <u>^</u>]''' Goldmark 95. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-22 <u>^</u>]''' Donald Bogle, quoted in Goldmark 96. |
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| − | #'''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Pastures#cite_ref-23 <u>^</u>]''' Weisenfeld 79–80. |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=5 edit]] References== |
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| − | *Cohen, Karl F. (2004). ''Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786420324 <u>ISBN 0786420324</u>]. |
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| − | *Goldmark, Daniel (2005). ''Tunes for 'Toons: Music and the Hollywood Cartoon''. Berkeley: University of California Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520236173 <u>ISBN 0520236173</u>]. |
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| − | *Lindvall, Terry, and Ben Fraser (1998). "Darker Shades of Animation: African-American Images in Warner Bros. Cartoons". ''Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. Animation''. Rutgers University Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813525381 <u>ISBN 0813525381</u>]. |
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| − | *Landler, Mark (September 23, 1995). "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5D81F39F930A1575AC0A963958260 <u>Turner to Merge into Time Warner; a $7.5 Billion Deal</u>]", ''The New York Times''. Accessed July 4, 2008. |
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| − | *Maltin, Leonard (1987). ''Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Revised and Updated Edition''. Plume. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0452259932 <u>ISBN 0452259932</u>]. |
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| − | *Nericcio, William Anthony (2007). ''Tex{t}-Mex: Seductive Hallucinations of the "Mexican" in America''. Austin: University of Texas Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292714572 <u>ISBN 0292714572</u>]. |
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| − | *Straight Dope Science Advisory Board (February 5, 2002). "[http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mbannedbugs.html <u>Did Bugs Bunny appear in a racist cartoon during World War II?</u>]" [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straight_Dope <u>The Straight Dope</u>]. Accessed June 21, 2007. |
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| − | *Weisenfeld, Judith (2007). ''Hollywood Be They Name: African American Religion in American Film, 1929–1949''. Berkeley: University of California Press. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520251008 <u>ISBN 0520251008</u>]. |
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| − | ==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clean_Pastures&action=edit§ion=6 edit]] External links== |
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[[Category:Censored Eleven]] |
[[Category:Censored Eleven]] |
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| + | [[Category:Shorts]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons directed by Friz Freleng]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons with music by Carl W. Stalling]] |
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| + | [[Category:Plagiarized Pages]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons produced by Leon Schlesinger]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons with film editing by Treg Brown]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons with sound effects edited by Treg Brown]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons with orchestrations by Milt Franklyn]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons with characters voiced by Mel Blanc]] |
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| + | [[Category:Caricatures of real people]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cartoons in a.a.p. package]] |
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Revision as of 13:44, 30 March 2019
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Lobby Card
Clean Pastures is a 1937 Merrie Melodies directed by Friz Freleng.
Plot
The Lord sees that the stock value of "Pair-o-dice" is dropping on the exchange so he dispatches a slow-witted and slow-talking angel to sinful Harlem to recruit new customers. When this fails, God finds success sending a group of musical angels with a little more swing in their style, so much so that even the Devil wants to join up!
Home Video
None, but bootleg VHS and DVD sets have this cartoon, obviously unrestored and in low pitch, as no such restored print has ever been released on home video.
Notes
- The cartoon is a parody of Warner Bros.' 1936 film, The Green Pastures.
- Schlesinger and Warner Bros. had problems with the cartoon from the start. Hollywood censors alleged that the film ran afoul of the Hays Production Code because it burlesqued religion. Later commentators surmise that the censors also objected to the portrayal of a Heaven run by African Americans. As such, the short's stereotypical portrayal of black characters prompted United Artists to withhold it from United States television in 1968, adding it to a collection known as the infamous Censored Eleven.
- Modern critics have been no kinder to the short and cite its portrayal of black characters as offensive and reliant on negative stereotypes.
- Musicologist Daniel Goldmark interprets the film as a send-up of black religion and culture and the increasing identification of 1930s white audiences of jazz music with black culture.
- Religion scholar Judith Weisenfeld sees "Clean Pastures" as a metaphor for the replacement of rural, minstrel show stereotypes of blacks for modern, urban ones.
- This cartoon and "Uncle Tom's Bungalow" were released before and after each other, respectively.
- Scenes from this short were reused for the Frank Tashlin cartoon "Have You Got Any Castles?" Despite airing the reissue version with all of Alex Woolcott's appearances removed, Cartoon Network and Boomerang have aired this with the "Swing for Sale" part uncut, making this the closest that a Censored Eleven cartoon has ever aired on an American TV channel.
- Waller's line, "That's all, that's all," would be reused in "September in the Rain" and later in "Tin Pan Alley Cats".
Caricatures
- Oscar Polk
- Louis Armstrong
- Cab Calloway
- Fats Waller
- Stepin Fetchit
- Jimmie Lunceford
External links
- Clean Pastures at the Internet_Movie_Database
- Clean Pastures at the Big Cartoon DataBase